Token Ring Cards

•Token Ring network cards look similar to Ethernet cards.
•One visible difference is the type of connector on the back end of the card.
•generally have a nine pin DIN type connector to attach the card to the network cable.

LocalTalk Connectors

•LocalTalk is Apple's built-in solution for networking Macintosh computers.
•utilizes a special adapter box and a cable that plugs into the printer port of a Macintosh.

•A major disadvantage of LocalTalk (.23 Mbps) is that it is slow in comparison to Ethernet (10 Mbps).

Types of card

Ethernet Cards

•Ethernet cards contain connections for either coaxial or twisted pair cables (or both)
–BNC(Bayonet Neill-Concelman) connection for coaxial cable
–RJ-45 connection for twisted pair,
•Some Ethernet cards also contain an AUI connector, used to attach coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optics cable to an Ethernet card.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

•provides the physical connection between the network and the computer workstation.
•major factor in determining the speed and performance of a network
•Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slot inside the computer.
•Some computers, such as Mac Classics, use external boxes which are attached to a serial port or a SCSI port.
•Laptop computers - built-in NIC or network cards that slip into a PCMCIA slot.

•The three most common network interface connections are
–Ethernet cards,
–LocalTalk connectors, and
–Token Ring cards.

Workstations

•user computers that is connected to a network are called workstations.
•configured with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables.
•do not necessarily storage capability , files can be saved on the file server.
•almost any computer can serve as a network workstation.

File servers

•A file server stands at the heart of most networks.
•very fast computer
•large amount of RAM and storage space,
•a fast network interface card.
•network operating system software resides on this computer, along with any software applications and data files that need to be shared.

Network Equipments

NETWORK DEVICE/EQUIPMENT/HARDWARE
•Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and other equipment needed to perform data-processing and communications within the network.

Pelayan Fail (File Servers)
Stesen Kerja (Workstations)
Kad Antaramuka Rangkaian (Network Interface Cards )
Hub (Concentrators/Hubs)
Pengulang (Repeaters )
Jambatan (Bridges )
Router (Routers )

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (Client/Server)

•allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers
•the file servers become the heart of the system, providing access to resources and providing security.
•individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers.
•Novell Netware and Windows 2000 Server are examples of client/server network operating systems.

Peer to Peer

Advantages

•Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server.
•Setup - An operating system (such as Windows XP/…) already in place may only need to be reconfigured for peer-to-peer operations.
Disadvantages

•Decentralized - No central repository for files and applications.
•Security - Does not provide the security available on a client/server network.

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM( Peer to Peer)

•In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use the resources available on the network
•allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
•do not have a file server or a centralized management source
•designed primarily for small to medium local area networks.
•AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are examples of programs that can function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS)

•Software that controls a network and its message (e.g. packet) traffic and queues, controls access by multiple users to network resources such as files, and provides for certain administrative functions, including security.
•coordinate the activities of multiple computers across a network.
•acts as a director to keep the network running smoothly.

•A NOS is not the same as the networking tools provided by some existing OSs, Windows XP for instance.
•An NOS is an OS that has been specifically written to keep networks running at optimal performance.
•Some popular NOSs include:
•Windows NT , IBM AIX, Sun Solaris, Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003,Inferno Novell NetWare, Red Hat Linux, BSD

•The two major types of network operating systems are: :
–Peer-to-Peer
–Client/Server

FIBRE OPTICS

•consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials
• It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
•ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference..

•able to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair

CO-AXIAL CABLE

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center.
A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield
The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

                                                     Coaxial Cable Connectors

•The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayonet-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector
•Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator.

                 

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

STP is a type of cable consists of two individual wires wrapped in a foil shielding to help provide a more reliable data communication.
•suitable for environments with electrical interference;
•however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite bulky.
•often used on networks using Token Ring topology.
LAN TECHNOLOGY CABLING: Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector

RJ=Registered Jack

-A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference.

UTP Cable Standards

1.Cat 3 UTP

• to carry data up to 10Mbit/s.standard cable for use with Ethernet 10Base-T.

2.Cat 5 UTP

• to carry Ethernet up to 100Mbit/s and ATM up to 155Mbit/s.standard cable for use with Ethernet 100Base-TX.

3. Cat 5e UTP

• an enhanced version of Cat 5 UTP.to carry data up to 1000Mbit/s.standard cable for use with Ethernet 1000Base-T.used to extend the distance of 100Base-TX cable runs up to 350 meters.

4.  Cat 6 UTP

• similar to Cat 5 UTP, except that it is designed and manufactured to even stricter standards.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.

Categories
        Types use


   -Category 1
              Voice (Wayer Telefon)
   -Category 2
              Data to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk)
   -Category 3
              Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
    -Category 4
             Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token Ring)
    -Category 5
              Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)

Types of Cables

•Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
•Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
•Coaxial Cable
•Fiber Optic Cable

CABLING

•Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another .

•several types of cable are commonly used with LANs.
•In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types

Protocol FDDI

•Fiber Distributed Data Interface - a network protocol that is used primarily to interconnect two or more local area networks, often over large distances.
•access method involves token-passing.
•uses a dual ring physical topology. Transmission normally occurs on one of the rings; if a break occurs, the system keeps information moving by automatically using portions of the second ring to create a new complete ring.
•A major advantage of FDDI is speed. It operates over fiber optic cable at 100 Mbps.